Lessons Learned

Lessons Forgotten?

This is from 2017.  Not what one would call current, but it serves as a good example as to lessons we should have learned about “Vitamin D”, that we clearly haven’t.  In the current environment it’s easy to blame “Vitamin D deficiency” for Type 2 Diabetes, using only 25D tests.  Of course it’s an “association only science” without looking at 1,25D, but most likely mentioning it in the work.

Infections

4 Pathogen Products and Insulin Resistance

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an integral part of the cell walls in Gram-negative bacteria. It is isolated from the plasma of patients suffering from T2DM. The concentration of LPS in the plasma of diabetic patients corresponds with the proinflammatory cytokine levels and with the appearance of zonulin (or prehaptoglobin 2) in the plasma. Zonulin is a marker of gut permeability, and it is elevated significantly in plasma of T2DM patients [85,86]. High-fat diet correlates with plasma LPS concentration and this phenomenon is recognized as metabolic endotoxemia [87]. LPS is recognized by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) [88]. In human subjects, it is shown that mutations in the gene coding for the TLR4 protein produce a lesser response to LPS [89]. The above fact proves the importance of LPS–TLR4 interaction in human subjects.